1. ODL in Context and History of European Higher EducationMilestones & Variations of Development

• early initiatives in different countries (Sweden, Germany, ..) ñ not focussed on higher education

• Ñfounding aeraì in the 60ies and 70ies:

• Ñopen universitiesì: United Kingdom, Netherlands, Portugal (later: Cataluna)

• Ñdistance teaching universitiesì: Spain, Germany

• Ñdual mode-institutionsì: France, Scandinavia, Italy, Russia / eastern part of Europe

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